Types of Allergic Reactions
There are two major types of allergic reactions to latex:
Chemical sensitivity dermatitis – Type IV allergy (delayed hypersensitivity)
Immediate reaction latex allergy – Type I allergy (immediate hypersensitivity)*It is possible to have both Type IV and Type I latex allergy. This kind of combined allergy is worse than having either type of allergy alone.
Chemical Sensitivity Dermatitis: Type IV Allergy
Chemical sensitivity dermatitis, also known as allergic contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) usually results from exposure to chemicals added to latex during the manufacturing process of latex gloves. Exposure to these chemical allergens produces skin reactions that appear similar to poison ivy. A rash usually begins 12 to 48 hours after skin contact with these allergens. This type of allergic reaction is not life threatening, but this type of chemical sensitivity dermatitis may cause blisters on the skin and the rash may spread from the area of contact. People who have a Type IV allergy are at an increased risk for developing the more serious and potentially life-threatening Type I allergy if they continue to experience repeated exposure to natural rubber latex.
Immediate Reaction Latex Allergy: Type I Allergy
Latex allergy (immediate hypersensitivity) can be a more serious reaction to latex than chemical sensitivity dermatitis or Type IV Allergy. Type I allergy is not a localized condition, it is a systemic reaction caused by the release of histamine, a very potent chemical involved in the immune response to certain allergens. Histamine dilates the blood vessels, causes the mucous membranes (tissues lining the nose and airways) to swell and stimulates the glands in the nose and the respiratory passages to produce mucus (phlegm). Substances that make the respiratory passages contract are also released along with histamine, and this can cause breathing difficulty and increase the chance of an asthma attack.
Following exposure to latex, allergic reactions can produce a variety of symptoms in a matter of minutes or a few hours later. Mild allergic reactions to latex can involve skin rash/redness, hives or itching. More severe allergic reactions to latex may involve respiratory symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, itchy eyes, scratchy throat and asthma symptoms.
In the most severe form of allergic reaction, anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock may occur. This is a rare but life-threatening reaction and is not usually the first symptom of a latex allergy. Anaphylaxis requires immediate medical attention because breathing can stop and blood pressure can “crash.” Epinephrine must be given within minutes of an anaphylactic reaction to counteract the severe and life-threatening allergic symptoms.
Treatment for Latex Allergies
Individuals who have been diagnosed with Type IV latex allergy are advised to stop using and avoid any contact with products that contain natural rubber latex. Physicians can provide treatment for symptoms resulting from Type IV latex allergy.
Individuals who have been diagnosed with Type I latex allergy are prescribed a self-injectable epinephrine by their physician, known as “Epi-Pen” or “Twinject,” and carry this with them at all times. In case of an anaphylactic reaction, the affected person (or someone who is with the affected person at the time) can inject the epinephrine immediately to counteract the serious allergic symptoms caused by systemic release of histamine. All medical and dental office and hospitals also have epinephrine available for emergency treatment of anaphylaxis.
